Introduction to Databases: Definition of Data, Database, and DBMS, Overview of Database
Applications, Advantages and Disadvantages of DBMS, Roles of Database Users and
Administrators.

Data Models: Introduction to Data Models, Types of Data Models (Hierarchical, Network,
Relational, Object-oriented), Importance of Data Models in DBMS

Database Design: Keys: Primary Key, Candidate Key, Super Key, Foreign Key, Composite
Key, Alternate Key, Unique Key, Surrogate Key, Constraints in a table: Primary Key, Foreign
Key, Unique Key, NOT NULL, CHECK, etc. Entity-Relationship (ER) Model, Entities and
Entity Sets, Attributes and Relationships, ER Diagrams, Key Constraints and Weak Entity Sets,
Extended ER Features, Introduction to the Relational Model and Relational Schema.

Relational Algebra: Introduction to Relational Algebra, Operations:
Selection, Projection, Set Operations, Join Operations, Division.
Structured Query Language (SQL): SQL Basics: DDL, DML and DCL along with
commands, Aggregate Functions (Min(), Max(), Sum(), Avg(), Count()), Logical operators
(AND, OR, NOT), Predicates (Like, Between, Alias, Distinct), Clauses (Group By, Having,
Order by, top/limit), Inner Join, Natural Join, Full Outer Join, Left Outer Join, Right outer Join,
Equi Join.
Advanced SQL: Analytical queries, Hierarchical queries, Recursive queries, Views, Cursors,
Stored Procedures and Functions, Packages, Triggers, Dynamic SQL

Normalization and Database Design: Functional Dependencies: Armstrong’s Axioms,
Definition, Properties (Reflexivity, Augmentation, Transitivity), Types (Trivial, Non-Trivial,
Partial and Full Functional Dependency), Closure of Functional Dependencies, Normal Forms
(1NF, 2NF, 3NF, BCNF, 4NF and 5NF), Denormalization.